1

ANALYZING DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS IN “UP” CHILDREN MOVIE

Elvandari Maulana
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Tarbiyah Al-Mubarok
elvandari16@gmail.com

Abstract : This study aims at analyzing direct and indirect speech acts uttered by children in “UP” children movie. It is focused on character Russell since he is the main character who plays role as a child. This study is descriptive qualitative study where the result is not computed in statistical formula but in the form of strings of words. After analyzing the data, the results show that direct speech acts are dominant uttered by character Russell. It can be concluded that children tend to use direct speech acts especially in giving statement or information since their characteristics is they want to be looked as the great people.  
Keywords: Speech acts,direct speech acts,indirect speech acts, UP movie

Introduction
As human being, people live in a society and need communication one to another. In communication, someone must use a language as a tool of communication. In communicating one to another someone must do the conversation, and according to Tarigan (1986), conversation is a series of speaking activities that is called speech acts.
Speech acts is one of pragmatics fields. According to Austin (1962), who the first stated about speech acts said that speech act is everything which we do at the time of conversing or set of discussion verbal owning function. While Yule (1996) states that actions performed via utterances are generally is called speech acts and in English, are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complain, compliment, invitation, promise and request. 
In our daily life, people use the utterance based on their situation of speaking moment, it can be based on who speaks to whom and where we speak. Because of this situation, people will choose their utterance whether direct or indirect. According to (Yule, 1996), whenever there is a direct relationship between structure and function, we have a direct speech act. For example, “Do your homework!” its form is imperative and usually the function of imperative sentence structure is to ask someone to do something. Furthermore, he states that whenever there is an indirect relationship between the structure and the function, we have an indirect speech act.For example, “I think your car has blocked my way” its form is declarative sentence structure but the function of the utterance is to give command to someone whose the car to move his car.
According to Yule (1996), indirect speech acts are generally associated with greater politeness in English than direct speech acts. However, in some particular situation, people will use direct speech acts, for example in emergency situation and in army. The relationship distance between two people also can influence the using of this kind of speech acts. When the speaker and the listener have close relationship, they tend to use the direct one and vice versa. 
In this study, the researcher will focus on the using of direct and indirect speech acts that are used by children since children have unique characteristics in their language development. In their language development, each stage has its own characteristic. So, this research will take “UP” movie as the data source to be analyzed. “UP” movie is a children movie, this movie centers on an elderly widower named Carl Fredricksen and an earnest young "Wilderness Explorer" (a fictional youth group similar to the Boy Scouts) named Russell. By tying thousands of balloons to his home, Carl sets out to fulfill his dream to see the wilds of South America and complete a promise made to his late wife, Ellie.Since this research focus on the children utterances, so the researcher will only analyze the utterances are uttered by the character “Russell” because in this story, Russell plays role as a child.  By analyzing direct and indirect speech acts in this movie, we can know how a child speaks to the older and how the older must do in facing a child.
By introducing the background of the problem above, the researcher can formulate the research problems as follows:  
1.	How many direct speech acts that is used by character Russell in his utterances?
2.	How does character Russell use direct speech acts in uttering something?
3.	How many indirect speech acts that is used by character Russell in his utterances?
4.	How does character Russell use indirect speech acts in uttering something?
5.	What is the most type of speech act that is uttered by character Russell in “UP” movie? And why does character Russell use this type of speech act most in his utterances?

Method
Design
This is a descriptive qualitative research since the data engaged are displayed into in the form of strings of words. As suggested by Miles &Hyberman (1994), this kind of data is indeed supposed to be qualitative, rather than quantitative. Qualitative research does not give the numeral or statistics but it depends on how is the knowledge of the researcher in analyzing the data.
Data Source
The source of data in this study is a movie. The title of the movie is “UP”. UP is a children movie which is directed by Pete Docter and Bob Peterson. This movie is firstly shown in 2009. 
Data Collection Technique
In collecting the data, the researcher did some steps below:
1.	Selecting the movie that will be analyzed.
2.	Watching the movie while checking the transcript of the conversations.
3.	Analyzing the data.
4.	Making result, discussion and conclusion.
Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the researcher used the theory of direct and indirect speech acts from Yule (1996). The researcher read the transcript and checked the meaning of Russell’s utterances. The data were categorized into direct and indirect speech acts based on the theory of Yule (1996). Then, each utterance also was analyzed based on its function. The researcher found out the most type of this kind of speech acts that was uttered by character Russell.
Result and Discussion
After analyzing the data, the researcher can answer the research problems as follows:
1.	How many direct speech acts that is used by character Russell in his utterances?
To answer this research question, the table below is shown to make easier to read.
Table 1. The Result of Analyzing Direct and Indirect Speech Acts by character Russell in UP movie

THE NUMBER OF UTTERANCE	UTTERANCE OF DIRECT SPEECH ACT	THE FORM/ FUNCTION	
		DECLARATIVE/ TO GIVE THE STATEMENT OR INFORMATION	INTERROGATIVE/ TO ASK QUESTION	IMPERATIVE/ TO GIVE COMMAND OR TO REQUEST	
267	234	147	37	50	
From the table above, we know that the percentage of direct speech acts is used by character Russell in uttering something is almost 100%. From all direct speech acts used by Russell, the most form used is declarative which has the function to give the statement or information. While the interrogative one is less, only 36 utterances in the form of interrogative sentence structure which have the function to ask the question.  
2.	How does character Russell use direct speech acts in uttering something?
As the information we get from Table 1, in using direct speech acts in uttering something, character Russell used 3 forms of sentence structure. They are declarative sentence structure, interrogative sentence structure, and imperative sentence structure. As Yule (1996) states that direct speech acts is the utterances which have the function as the sentence structure form. 
In this movie, Russell use declarative sentence structure 147 times in his utterances. Let’s take the example:
Situation: Russell was a wilderness explorer who wanted to help an old people. He came to Mr. Carl Fredricksen to offer the help.
Russell	: Good afternoon. (Declarative sentence: to greet someone)
                          My name is Russell and I am a wilderness explorer in tribe 54, squad 
lodge 12. (Declarative sentence: to give the information or to introduce 
himself) Are you in need of any assistance today, sir? (Interrogative 
sentence: to ask the question)                                          
Carl		: No. 
Russell	: I could help you cross the street. (Declarative sentence: to give the 
information)
Carl		: No. 
Russell	: I could help you cross your... yard? (Interrogative sentence: to ask the 
question, because of the intonation of the speaker)                                           
Carl		: No. 
Russell	: I could help you cross your... porch. (Declarative sentence: to give the 
information/ statement)
Carl		: No. 
Russell	: Well, I gotta help you cross something. (Declarative sentence: to give the 
information/ statement)                                                                                        
Carl		: No, I'm doing fine. 
Russell	: Good afternoon. (Declarative sentence: to greet someone)
                          My name is Russell. (Declarative sentence: to give the information or to 
introduce himself)                                           
Carl		: Kid... 
Russell	: And I am a wilderness explorer in tribe 54. (Declarative sentence: to give 
the information/ statement)
Carl		: Slow down... 
Russell	: squad lodge 12. (Declarative sentence: to give the information)
Carl		: Kid! 
Russell	: Are you in need of any assistance? (Interrogative sentence: to ask the 
question)
Carl		: Thank you, but I don't need any help!
From the conversation above, we know that it was Russell’s first time meeting Mr. Carl Fredricksen, so, he introduced himself and greeted him. In greeting Mr. Fredricksen and introducing himself, Russell used declarative sentence structure. Through this form, Russell showed that he wanted to make his utterances clear and simple. The listener would directly understand what Russell meant. He also offered the help to Mr. Fredricksen. He stated that he could do what Mr. Fredricksen wanted, such as helping him to cross the street. He used declarative sentence structure to show that he had the ability in doing it. When someone wants to give the statement or information directly, he can use declarative sentence structure.
In the conversation, Russell also asked the question to Mr. Carl Fredricksen “are you in need of assistance, sir?”.In asking the question to Mr. Fredricksen, Russell used interrogative sentence structure. Let’s see another example of asking someone to do something or giving command:
Situation: On the way to Paradise Falls, suddenly, Russell knocked Mr. Fredricksen’s door. Mr. Fredricksen was so surprised.
Toktoktok
Russell	: Hi, Mr. Fredricksen.
It's me, Russell.
Carl		: What are you doing out here, kid? 
Russell	: I found the snipe and I followed it under your porch. But this snipe had 
a long tail and looked more like a large mouse.
Russell	: Please, let me in! (Imperative sentence: requesting Mr. Fredricksen to let 
him to come in his house)                                           
Carl		: No. Aw, all right. You can... come... in.

From the conversation above, to request something from Mr. Fredricksen, Russell used imperative sentence structure. Russell still used word “please” to make it more polite since he was talking to the older person. He also would not be like to give pressure in doing it to Mr. Fredricksen. However, he used direct speech act in requesting Mr. Fredricksen to something because he was in an emergency situation.
3.	How many indirect speech acts that is used by character Russell in his utterances?

Table 2. The Result of Analyzing Indirect Speech Acts by Character Russell in Up Movie
THE NUMBER OF UTTERANCE	UTTERANCE OF INDIRECT SPEECH ACT	GIVING INFORMATION/ STATEMENT	ASKING THE QUESTION	GIVING COMMAND OR REQUEST	
267	33	2	3	28	

From the table above, the most form of sentence structure that is used by Russell is declarative sentence structure, while Russell didn’t use the imperative one. 
4.	How does character Russell use indirect speech acts in uttering something?
As we know from table 2, Russell usesindirect speech acts to give command or to request someone to do something most. As we know that when we want to give command we can use imperative one, but in this movie, Russell gives command or request by using different sentence structure. They are declarative and interrogative. Let’s take the example:
Situation: Russell wanted to protect Kevin 
Russell	: Mr. Fredricksen, Dug says he wants to take Kevin prisoner. 
We have to protect him.(Declarative sentence: to ask Mr. Fredricksen to 
protect Kevin= Let’s protect Kevin from Dug!)
Can Kevin go with us?
Carl		: All right, he can come. 
Russell	: Promise you won't leave him? (Interrogative sentence: the intonation of the  
Speaker is like asking a question but the function is requesting Mr.        
Fredricksen to promise not to leave Kevin= Promise me you won’t leave him!)
Carl		: Yeah.
Russell	: Cross your heart? (Interrogative sentence: the intonation of the Speaker is 
likeasking a question but the function is requesting Mr. Fredricksen to 
cross his heart or not to break his promise)  
Carl		: Cross my heart. What have I got myself into, Ellie?

From the first sentence “We have to protect him”. Russell was speaking to Mr. Fredricksen that Kevin was in dangerous situation. Kevin was not safe. So, to invite or to request Mr. Fredricksen to protect Kevin, he used declarative sentence structure to make it more polite since he was talking to the older person. While in the next sentences “promise you won’t leave him?” and “Cross your heart?”, they belong to interrogative sentence structure because the intonation of the speaker (Russell) is like asking a question. Even though the form is interrogative, but the meaning or the function of the utterances is not to ask the question. Russell uttered the utterances is to give command to Mr. Fredicksen. He wanted Mr. Fredricksen to promise him that he won’t leave Kevin, and to cross his heart means not to break the promise.
When Russell would ask the question, he used declarative form. Let’s see the example:
Situation: In Carl’s house, Russell was so curious about Carl’s house and planning
Russell	: I've never been in a floating house before.                                           
                          Goggles...Look at this stuff! Are you going on a trip? "Paradise Falls, a land 
lost in time". Are you going to South America, Mr. Fredricksen?
Carl		: Don't touch that! You'll soil it. 
Russell	: You know, most people take a plane, but you're smart, because you have 
your TV, clocks and stuff.                                           
Ooo, is this how you steer your house? Does it really work? 
This makes it turn right and that way is left. (Declarative sentence: to ask the question)
               Hey, look! Buildings! That building's so close, I can almost touch it!
Wow, this is great! You should try this, Mr. Fredricksen.                                           
Look! There's a bus that could take me home two blocks away! 
Hey, I can see your house from here! 
Carl		: Don't jerk around so much, kid! Well, that's not gonna work.     
The sentence “This makes it turn right and that way is left” is in declarative form, but what Russell means here is not to give the statement or the information since Russell didn’t know what the function of the things. So, to know the function, Russell asked about it to Mr. Fredricksen or to make sure the function of it. 
In this movie, Russell also used indirect speech acts to give the information or statement. Let’s see the example:
The storm of Cumulonimbus attacked Carl’s house
Russell	: I know that cloud, it's a "cumulonimbus". 
Did you know that a cumulonimbus... ?(Interrogative sentence: to give the 
information)
Carl		: Aaa, I stayed up all night blowing up balloons... for what? That's nice, kid. 
                          What are you doing over there?                                           
Russell	: Look!
        See?Cumulonimbus.
My bag!Got you! 
Russell	: Uuu, I thought you were dead.
Carl		: What happened?
Russell	: I steered us. I did it! I steered the house.
Carl		: You steered us?
Russell	: After you tied your stuff down, you took a nap. So I went ahead and steered 
us down here.
Carl		: Yeah, sure. 
The sentence “Did you know that a cumulonimbus...?” is in interrogative form even though the sentence has not been complete yet. If we see from the structure “Did+you (subject)+verb+? belong to interrogative, but in this utterances, Russell’s intension is not to ask the question to Mr. Fredricksen. He wanted to give the statement or information to Mr. Fredricksen about Cumulonimbus.
5.	What is the most type of speech act that is uttered by character Russell in “UP” movie? And why does character Russell use this type of speech act most in his utterances?
Table 3. The Result of Analyzing Direct and Indirect Speech Acts

TOTAL OF UTTERANCE	DIRECT SPEECH ACTS	INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS	
267	234	33	

From the table above, it has been clear that direct speech acts is used most by character Russell in this movie. Only few utterance which use indirect speech acts.
Based on the data and the example of Russell’s conversation,the characteristics of children in social communication can be seen from character Russell. The character Russell plays role as a child in this movie. In social communication, children tent to utter something directly. They are very expressive in uttering something. When they know about something, they will directly utter. They play dominantly in communication with others, when they speak directly they also want to get attention or want to be listened to from their partner of communication. According to Hughes (2010) in the realm of personality development a major challenge to the emerging self-concepts of school-age children is to demonstrate to themselves and others that they are competent, that they have talents, skills, and abilities that they can be proud of. From the conversation above, we can know that Russell used many declarative forms in his utterances. Declarative form is used when someone wants to give the statement or share information. As children’s characteristic, Russell wanted to state or to show that he had ability to do something.

Conclusion
In uttering something, children tend to use direct speech acts, especially in giving statement or information. This is because of the personality of children.They want to be looked as the great people. So, in having conversation with them, we are as the adults should give them chance to express themselves because when we deny what they believe, they will feel down. However, when they do the mistakes, we can tell it smoothly in order not to make them looked fool.

References
Austin, J.L. 1962. How To Do Things With Words. Cambridge, Mass:Harvard University Press.
Hughes, F.P. 2010.General Characteristics of the School-Age Child.Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall.
Mile, M.B., & M.A.Huberman.1994.Qualitative and Data Analysis:An Expanded Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.
Tarigan, Henry, Guntur. 1986. Pengantar Pengajaran Prakmatik. Bandung: PenerbitAngkasa.
Yule, G.1996. Pragmatics. USA, England: Oxford University Press.